THERMODYNAMICS

              Solution :-    Correct option : (1) In  a free expansion, P_ext = 0 — (1) then,W = PΔV= 0 (ΔV) W = 0 — (2) Since, it is an adiabatic process, Heat is constant – q = 0 — (3) acc. to first law of thermodynamics, ΔU […]

First law of thermodynamics has some limitations. Before going to know about that, we need to remind what are the different forms of first law of thermodynamics. First law of thermodynamics is also known as law of conservation of energy. “Energy neither be created nor be destroyed, but it can be changed from one form […]

State Function and Path Function                    State Function                       State function is a thermodynamic property whose valuy depends only on the current state of the system (defined by variables like temperature, pressure, volume, composition, etc.) and not […]

HEAT Heat is a form of energy that transfers  from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature until thermal equilibrium is established. * Temperature measures the degree of hotness or coldness of a body (average kinetic energy of particles). * Heat represents the total thermal energy transferred due to temperature differences […]

SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS The Second Law can be expressed in several equivalent ways… Direction of Heat Flow (Clausius Statement): Heat flows from hot body to cold body. Heat cannot spontaneously transfer from a colder body to a hotter body without external intervention. This establishes the natural direction of thermal energy transfer. Kelvin-Planck Statement: It […]

The System in which both matter and heat can  exchange with surrounding is called open system. Ex: boiling of water in open vessel.

Thermodynamically there are 3 types of systems. 1.Open system 2.closed system 3.isolated system